Unidentified armed militants

The Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes are a series of armed clashes consisting of cross-border airstrikes and exchanges of gunfire between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The conflict also separately includes the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), Pakistani Taliban, National Resistance Front (NRF), and the Afghanistan Freedom Front (AFF). The skirmishes took place over a number of locations in Afghanistan, along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border, and Western and North-Western part of Pakistan. After de-escalation in March 2024, the conflict resurged in December 2024 with Pakistani airstrikes against Afghanistan, specifically in Paktika Province. Conflict in December 2024 marked the third round of air strikes by Pakistan on the territory of Afghanistan in a period of less than two years. The first similar Pakistani airstrikes on Afghan soil since Taliban takeover of Afghanistan were in 2022 and the second Pakistani airstrikes were in March 2024.